V. Khandelwal ¹, M. Shukla ¹, B. S. Jodha ¹, V. S. Nathawat ¹, S. K. Dashora ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute-Regional Research Station, Pali Marwar - 306401, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

Sorghum germplasm field experiment was conducted at ICAR-CAZRI, Regional Research Station, Pali (Rajasthan) during kharif 2013 by using 224 genotypes to study genetic parameters and character association among yield components. Significant variation were recorded among 224 sorghum genotypes for various morphological and yield traits. The Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation (PCV) were higher than the Genotypic Coefficients of Variation (GCV) for all the traits under investigation. High magnitude of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations was observed for harvest index, grain yield per plant, dry and fresh weight per plant and panicle length. Estimates of heritability varied from 63.6% (panicle width) to 96.3% (days to flowering). The association of high heritability with high genetic advance and GCV was reported in case of fresh weight per plant and leaf area. Grain yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index, 1000 seed weight, panicle length, fresh weight per plant and leaf area. Results from both correlation and path coefficient analysis indicated that 1000 seed weight, harvest index, dry weight per plant, panicle length and leaf area should be balanced for selecting high yielding genotypes. Tall plants with high fresh biomass might be poor in translocation of photosynthate, hence short statured plants having high leaf area with bold seed could be a better selection criteria for further sorghum improvement programme.

Keywords

Correlation, Heritability, Path Coefficient, Sorghum, Variability.

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Prachi Tripathi ¹, M. Shukla ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur - 208002, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow - 226021, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objectives: We propose an efficient, scalable, adaptive MIMO-OFDM Technique with IDMA scheme to mitigate the fading issues in underwater wireless communications. Method/Statistical Analysis: MIMO is the technique to transfer the data independently from more than one antenna simultaneously, and at receiver side data is received by one or more than one antenna. This technique increased the data rate while OFDM saves the bandwidth and combat from the fading. IDMA scheme is better than any other available multiple access schemes which show the best performance result in underwater wireless communication. Findings: We test the BER performance of MIMO-OFDM and MIMO-IDMA technique with a different number of users and we found that both techniques show limited performance result. We test the hybrid approach by simulating the MIMO-OFDM with one multiple access scheme i.e., IDMA scheme to reduce the underwater channel noise such as burst error or fading. This technique has the potential to serve as a primer for mitigating the fading issues in future underwater wireless communication. Application/Improvements: MIMO-OFDM with IDMA Scheme is employed to improve the below water communication with the help of the most common device known as hydrophones. Since underwater communication uses acoustic waves instead of electromagnetic waves, therefore, there are low data rates compared to another communication medium. This research is being helpful to reduce the fading issues due to low data rate. In this research, we used the random based interleaver in IDMA scheme. For future improvements, we can use new tree based interleaver in IDMA Scheme. The tree based interleaver is used for generating patterns and user separation.

Keywords

Fading Issue for Underwater Communication, IDMA (Interleaver Division Multiple Access) Scheme, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), Underwater Communication.

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S. K. Sriwas ¹, M. Shukla ², R. Asthana ², J. P. Saini ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication, BIET, Jhansi – 284128, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Electronics, HBTI, Kanpur – 208002, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objective: To execute the Avalanche photodiode instead of a PIN photodiode in Optical Interleave Division multiple Access (O-IDMA) communication system and to analyze the performance for high data rate transmission. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The detection of optical signal at the receiver of the O-IDMA system is an important operation and decides the performance of the system. Here the detection is done using Avalanche Photodiode for O-IDMA system and analyzed. Iterative decoder is used for decoding at the receiver using the soft decision method. MATLAB is utilized as a simulation tool. Findings: The simulation results have been demonstrated that Avalanche Photodiode is appropriate than PIN Photodiode. The completion and efficiency of the O-IDMA system can be ameliorated with the utilization of avalanche photo detector. Applications/Improvements: The completion of the O-IDMA system is ameliorated appreciably by utilizing Avalanche photodiode and system support more no. of users, less bit error rate and large data rate transmission.

Keywords

Avalanche Photodiode, Bit Error Rate, IDMA Scheme, Optical Fiber, PIN Photodiode.

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S. K. Sriwas ¹, M. Shukla ², R. Asthana ², J. P. Saini ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication, BIET, Jhansi - 284128, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Electronics, HBTI, Kanpur - 208002, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Nonlinear effect and dispersion are the main factors to degrade the performance of Optical-Interleave Division Multiple Access (O-IDMA) system for long distance. The objective of this paper is to reduce these effects and improve the performance of the system. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Solitons have been utilized as the pulses of transmitting signals in place of Gaussian pulse, to reduce nonlinear effect and recent interleaving mechanisms are applied to decide the optimum in the O-IDMA system. MATLAB is used for simulation. Findings: The simulation results demonstrate that Solitons are the optimum solution for nonlinear effect and Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) while the prime interleaving mechanism is optimized for user separation in the O-IDMA system. Applications/Improvements: The performance of the O-IDMA system is improved significantly and system support more no. of users and high data rate transmission.

Keywords

GVD, Gaussian pulse, Interleavers, O-IDMA Scheme, Solitons.

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Shivani Dixit ¹, Shubham Srivastava ¹, M. Shukla ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Engineering, HBTU, Kanpur - 208002, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Electronics Engineering, HBTU, Kanpur - 208002, Uttar Pradesh

Abstract

Objective: This work provides a comprehensive study of a novel orthogonal interleaver set based on particular numerical equation for generation of user specific interleavers. Methods/Analysis: Performance analysis is done based upon the computer simulations in various scenarios with IDMA system and SC-FDMA-IDMA system, under different channel conditions including Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Under Water Acoustic (UWA) channel to compare proposed interleaver with other interleavers in literature. The performance of different interleavers is compared on the basis of bit error rate (BER) results and also by hardware and bandwidth requirements. Findings: Compared to other interleavers discussed in literature, the proposed interleaver set is easy to generate, more-over this work has presented a method which doesn’t require common master random interleaving pattern to develop other interleaving patterns. The analysis confirms that the proposed method of interleaver generation outperforms various other interleavers in terms of BER performance and bandwidth requirement, while providing considerably lower complexity. Applications: Applications of orthogonal interleavers include all non-orthogonal multiple access schemes based on Multi-User Detection (MUD) strategy including Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-Interleave Division Multiple Access (OFDM-IDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access-Interleave Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA-IDMA) scheme, employing user specific interleavers for user separation.

Keywords

IDMA, Numerical Interleaver, Random Interleaver, SC-FDMA-IDMA, Tree based Interleaver, UWA.

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